2004
Declerck, T.; Buitelaar, P.; Calzolari, N.; Lenci, Alessandro
Towards a Language Infrastructure for the Semantic Web Conference
Proceedings of LREC 2004, Lisbona, Portogallo, 2004, ISBN: 2951740816.
@conference{ 11568_85911,
title = {Towards a Language Infrastructure for the Semantic Web},
author = {T. Declerck and P. Buitelaar and N. Calzolari and Alessandro Lenci},
url = {http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/541.pdf},
isbn = {2951740816},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of LREC 2004, Lisbona, Portogallo},
pages = {1481–1484},
abstract = {In recent years, the Internet evolved from a global medium for information exchange (directed mainly towards human users) into a "global, virtual work environment" (for both human users and machines). Building on the world-wide-web, developments such as grid technology, web services and the semantic web contributed to this transformation, the implications of which are now slowly but clearly being integrated into all areas of the new digital society (e-business, e-government, e-science, etc.) In this conctext the semantic web allows for increasingly intelligent and therefore autonomous processing. This development brings new challenges for Human Language Technology (HLT), which require not only some adaptation of processes within the state of the art processing chain of HLT, but also changes at the infrastructure level of HLT resources.},
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In recent years, the Internet evolved from a global medium for information exchange (directed mainly towards human users) into a "global, virtual work environment" (for both human users and machines). Building on the world-wide-web, developments such as grid technology, web services and the semantic web contributed to this transformation, the implications of which are now slowly but clearly being integrated into all areas of the new digital society (e-business, e-government, e-science, etc.) In this conctext the semantic web allows for increasingly intelligent and therefore autonomous processing. This development brings new challenges for Human Language Technology (HLT), which require not only some adaptation of processes within the state of the art processing chain of HLT, but also changes at the infrastructure level of HLT resources.
Bartolini, R.; Lenci, Alessandro; Montemagni, S.; Pirrelli, V.; Soria, C.
Semantic mark-up of Italian legal texts through NLP-based techniques Conference
Proceedings of LREC 2004, Lisbona, Portogallo, 2004, ISBN: 2951740816.
@conference{ 11568_87282,
title = {Semantic mark-up of Italian legal texts through NLP-based techniques},
author = {R. Bartolini and Alessandro Lenci and S. Montemagni and V. Pirrelli and C. Soria},
url = {http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/709.pdf},
isbn = {2951740816},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of LREC 2004, Lisbona, Portogallo},
pages = {795–798},
abstract = {In this paper we illustrate an approach to information extraction from legal texts using SALEM. SALEM is an NLP architecture for semantic annotation and indexing of Italian legislative texts, developed by ILC in close collaboration with ITTIG-CNR, Florence. Results of SALEM performance on a test sample of about 500 Italian law paragraphs are provided.},
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In this paper we illustrate an approach to information extraction from legal texts using SALEM. SALEM is an NLP architecture for semantic annotation and indexing of Italian legislative texts, developed by ILC in close collaboration with ITTIG-CNR, Florence. Results of SALEM performance on a test sample of about 500 Italian law paragraphs are provided.
Lenci, Alessandro
Risorse lessicali per il trattamento del contenuto digitale Journal Article
In: INTELLIGENZA ARTIFICIALE, vol. 1, pp. 57–61, 2004.
@article{ 11568_84659,
title = {Risorse lessicali per il trattamento del contenuto digitale},
author = {Alessandro Lenci},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {INTELLIGENZA ARTIFICIALE},
volume = {1},
pages = {57–61},
abstract = {Computational lexicons represent critical information sources for most Natural Lan-guage Processing (NLP) systems. The availability of large-scale repositories of lexical information is in fact an essential precondition for Human Language Technology (HLT) to be able to tackle the full complexity of multilingual processing.},
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Computational lexicons represent critical information sources for most Natural Lan-guage Processing (NLP) systems. The availability of large-scale repositories of lexical information is in fact an essential precondition for Human Language Technology (HLT) to be able to tackle the full complexity of multilingual processing.
Calzolari, N.; Lenci, Alessandro
Linguistica computazionale. Strumenti e risorse per il trattamento automatico della lingua Journal Article
In: MONDO DIGITALE, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 56–69, 2004.
@article{ 11568_87126,
title = {Linguistica computazionale. Strumenti e risorse per il trattamento automatico della lingua},
author = {N. Calzolari and Alessandro Lenci},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {MONDO DIGITALE},
volume = {3},
number = {2},
pages = {56–69},
abstract = {Le ricerche sul Trattamento Automatico della Lingua hanno aperto nuove prospettive per la creazione di applicazioni per l’accesso intelligente al contenuto digitale. Gli sviluppi più significativi riguardano in particolare i sistemi per l’analisi “robusta” del testo, i metodi per l’acquisizione automatica di conoscenza dai documenti e le infrastrutture per lo sviluppo e gestione di risorse linguistiche di grandi dimensioni. Grazie alla loro integrazione è oggi possibile realizzare modelli e strumenti per il trattamento della lingua utilizzabili in contesti operativi reali.},
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Le ricerche sul Trattamento Automatico della Lingua hanno aperto nuove prospettive per la creazione di applicazioni per l’accesso intelligente al contenuto digitale. Gli sviluppi più significativi riguardano in particolare i sistemi per l’analisi “robusta” del testo, i metodi per l’acquisizione automatica di conoscenza dai documenti e le infrastrutture per lo sviluppo e gestione di risorse linguistiche di grandi dimensioni. Grazie alla loro integrazione è oggi possibile realizzare modelli e strumenti per il trattamento della lingua utilizzabili in contesti operativi reali.
Bartolini, R.; Lenci, Alessandro; Montemagni, S.; Pirrelli, V.
Hybrid Constraints for Robust Parsing: First Experiments and Evaluation Conference
Proceedings of LREC 2004, Lisbona, Portogallo, 2004, ISBN: 2951740816.
@conference{ 11568_86587,
title = {Hybrid Constraints for Robust Parsing: First Experiments and Evaluation},
author = {R. Bartolini and Alessandro Lenci and S. Montemagni and V. Pirrelli},
url = {http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/719.pdf},
isbn = {2951740816},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of LREC 2004, Lisbona, Portogallo},
pages = {859–862},
abstract = {In this paper we present IDEAL+, a parsing architecture for Italian, which pursues the goal of pairing robustness with deep linguistic analysis by extending a shallow processing kernel with a pool of hybrid constraints for the incremental identification of grammatical relations. The parsing output takes the form of dependency structures representing the full range of instantiated functional relations (e.g. subject, object, modifier, complement, etc.). The paper focuses on nature and interaction of the battery of hybrid constraints and evaluates their joint impact against a gold standard of more than 700 manually annotated sentences.},
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In this paper we present IDEAL+, a parsing architecture for Italian, which pursues the goal of pairing robustness with deep linguistic analysis by extending a shallow processing kernel with a pool of hybrid constraints for the incremental identification of grammatical relations. The parsing output takes the form of dependency structures representing the full range of instantiated functional relations (e.g. subject, object, modifier, complement, etc.). The paper focuses on nature and interaction of the battery of hybrid constraints and evaluates their joint impact against a gold standard of more than 700 manually annotated sentences.
Calzolari, N.; Choukri, K.; Gavrilidou, M.; Maegaard, B.; Baroni, P.; Fersoe, H.; Lenci, Alessandro; Mapelli, V.; Monachini, M.; Piperidis, S.
Proceedings of LREC 2004, Lisbona, Portogallo, 2004, ISBN: 2951740816.
@conference{ 11568_91130,
title = {ENABLER Thematic Network of National Projects: Technical, Strategic and Political Issues of Language Resources},
author = {N. Calzolari and K. Choukri and M. Gavrilidou and B. Maegaard and P. Baroni and H. Fersoe and Alessandro Lenci and V. Mapelli and M. Monachini and S. Piperidis},
url = {http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/545.pdf},
isbn = {2951740816},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of LREC 2004, Lisbona, Portogallo},
pages = {937–940},
abstract = {In this paper we present general strategies concerning Language Resources (LRs) – Written, Spoken and, recently, Multimodal – as
developed within the ENABLER Thematic Network. LRs are a central component of the so-called “linguistic infrastructure” (the other
key element being Evaluation), necessary for the development of any Human Language Technology (HLT) application. They play a
critical role, as horizontal technology, in different emerging areas of FP6, and have been recognized as a priority within a number of
national projects around Europe and world-wide. The availability of LRs is also a “sensitive” issue, touching directly the sphere of
linguistic and cultural identity, but also with economical, societal and political implications. This is going to be even more true in the new Europe with 25 languages on a par.},
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In this paper we present general strategies concerning Language Resources (LRs) – Written, Spoken and, recently, Multimodal – as
developed within the ENABLER Thematic Network. LRs are a central component of the so-called “linguistic infrastructure” (the other
key element being Evaluation), necessary for the development of any Human Language Technology (HLT) application. They play a
critical role, as horizontal technology, in different emerging areas of FP6, and have been recognized as a priority within a number of
national projects around Europe and world-wide. The availability of LRs is also a “sensitive” issue, touching directly the sphere of
linguistic and cultural identity, but also with economical, societal and political implications. This is going to be even more true in the new Europe with 25 languages on a par.
developed within the ENABLER Thematic Network. LRs are a central component of the so-called “linguistic infrastructure” (the other
key element being Evaluation), necessary for the development of any Human Language Technology (HLT) application. They play a
critical role, as horizontal technology, in different emerging areas of FP6, and have been recognized as a priority within a number of
national projects around Europe and world-wide. The availability of LRs is also a “sensitive” issue, touching directly the sphere of
linguistic and cultural identity, but also with economical, societal and political implications. This is going to be even more true in the new Europe with 25 languages on a par.
Bertagna, F.; Lenci, Alessandro; Monachini, M.; Calzolari, N.
Content Interoperability of Lexical Resources: Open Issues and "MILE" Perspectives Conference
Proceedings of LREC 2004, Lisbona, Portogallo, 2004, ISBN: 2951740816.
@conference{ 11568_89016,
title = {Content Interoperability of Lexical Resources: Open Issues and "MILE" Perspectives},
author = {F. Bertagna and Alessandro Lenci and M. Monachini and N. Calzolari},
url = {http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/743.pdf},
isbn = {2951740816},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of LREC 2004, Lisbona, Portogallo},
pages = {131–134},
abstract = {The paper tackles the issue of content interoperability among lexical resources, by presenting an experiment of mapping differently
conceived lexicons, FrameNet and NOMLEX, onto MILE (Multilingual ISLE Lexical Entry), a meta-entry for the encoding of
multilingual lexical information, acting as a general schema of shared and common lexical objects. The aim is to (i) raise problems and (ii) test the expressive potentialities of MILE as a standard environment for Computational Lexicons.},
keywords = {},
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The paper tackles the issue of content interoperability among lexical resources, by presenting an experiment of mapping differently
conceived lexicons, FrameNet and NOMLEX, onto MILE (Multilingual ISLE Lexical Entry), a meta-entry for the encoding of
multilingual lexical information, acting as a general schema of shared and common lexical objects. The aim is to (i) raise problems and (ii) test the expressive potentialities of MILE as a standard environment for Computational Lexicons.
conceived lexicons, FrameNet and NOMLEX, onto MILE (Multilingual ISLE Lexical Entry), a meta-entry for the encoding of
multilingual lexical information, acting as a general schema of shared and common lexical objects. The aim is to (i) raise problems and (ii) test the expressive potentialities of MILE as a standard environment for Computational Lexicons.
2003
Montemagni, S.; Barsotti, F.; Battista, M.; Calzolari, N.; Corazzari, O.; Lenci, Alessandro; Zampolli, Antonio; Fanciulli, F.; Massetani, M.; Raffaelli, R.; Basili, R.; Pazienza, M. T.; Saracino, D.; Zanzotto, F.; Mana, N.; Pianesi, F.; MONTE, R. DEL
The Syntactic-Semantic TreeBank of Italian: an Overview Journal Article
In: LINGUISTICA COMPUTAZIONALE, vol. 16-17, pp. 461–492, 2003.
@article{ 11568_81976,
title = {The Syntactic-Semantic TreeBank of Italian: an Overview},
author = {S. Montemagni and F. Barsotti and M. Battista and N. Calzolari and O. Corazzari and Alessandro Lenci and Antonio Zampolli and F. Fanciulli and M. Massetani and R. Raffaelli and R. Basili and M. T. Pazienza and D. Saracino and F. Zanzotto and N. Mana and F. Pianesi and R. DEL MONTE},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
journal = {LINGUISTICA COMPUTAZIONALE},
volume = {16-17},
pages = {461–492},
abstract = {The paper reports on a multi-layered corpus of Italian, annotated at the syntactic and lexico-semantic levels, whose development is supported by a dedicated software augmented with an intelligent interface. The issue of evaluating this type of resource is also addressed.},
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The paper reports on a multi-layered corpus of Italian, annotated at the syntactic and lexico-semantic levels, whose development is supported by a dedicated software augmented with an intelligent interface. The issue of evaluating this type of resource is also addressed.
Lenci, Alessandro; Calzolari, N.; Zampolli, Antonio
SIMPLE: Plurilingual Semantic Lexicons for Natural Language Processing Journal Article
In: LINGUISTICA COMPUTAZIONALE, vol. 16-17, pp. 323–352, 2003.
@article{ 11568_78570,
title = {SIMPLE: Plurilingual Semantic Lexicons for Natural Language Processing},
author = {Alessandro Lenci and N. Calzolari and Antonio Zampolli},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
journal = {LINGUISTICA COMPUTAZIONALE},
volume = {16-17},
pages = {323–352},
abstract = {One of the main challenges for computational lexical semantics is to bridge the gap between on the one hand theoretical research on the organization of the lexicon and on the formal representation of word meaning, and on the other hand the increasing request by natural language processing systems of accessing large repositories of lexical knowledge. Starting from some recent extensions of Generative Lexicon theory, we present a general model for the development of a set of large-scale lexical resources developed in the context of the SIMPLE project. SIMPLE is an innovative attempt to build harmonized syntactic-semantic lexicons for twelve European languages, aimed at use in different Human Language Technology applications. SIMPLE provides a general design model for the encoding of a large amount of semantic information, spanning from ontological typing, to argument structure and terminology.},
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One of the main challenges for computational lexical semantics is to bridge the gap between on the one hand theoretical research on the organization of the lexicon and on the formal representation of word meaning, and on the other hand the increasing request by natural language processing systems of accessing large repositories of lexical knowledge. Starting from some recent extensions of Generative Lexicon theory, we present a general model for the development of a set of large-scale lexical resources developed in the context of the SIMPLE project. SIMPLE is an innovative attempt to build harmonized syntactic-semantic lexicons for twelve European languages, aimed at use in different Human Language Technology applications. SIMPLE provides a general design model for the encoding of a large amount of semantic information, spanning from ontological typing, to argument structure and terminology.
Calzolari, N.; Zampolli, Antonio; Lenci, Alessandro
Risorse linguistiche per un accesso al ‘contenuto’ Book Chapter
In: Linguistica e nuove professioni, pp. 110–126, FrancoAngeli, MILANO, 2003, ISBN: 9788846450104.
@inbook{ 11568_78578,
title = {Risorse linguistiche per un accesso al ‘contenuto’},
author = {N. Calzolari and Antonio Zampolli and Alessandro Lenci},
isbn = {9788846450104},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
booktitle = {Linguistica e nuove professioni},
pages = {110–126},
publisher = {FrancoAngeli},
address = {MILANO},
abstract = {Scopo del Semantic Web è rendere Internet una grande base di conoscenza comprensibile per i computer.
Secondo questa visione, il contenuto della rete viene annotato tenendo presenti delle particolari ontologie, le quali forniscono la definizione del vocabolario di base e la semantica delle annotazioni.
In questo articolo sosteniamo che il rafforzamento delle sinergie tra la progettazione di ontologie e lo sviluppo di lessici computazionali è una condizione chiave affinché le comunità del Semantic Web e del trattamento automatico della lingua possano beneficiare appieno ciascuna dei risultati dell’altra. Nello specifico, affronteremo l’argomento illustrando i requisiti che i lessici computazionali devono avere per essere delle risorse effettivamente utili al conseguimento degli scopi del Semantic Web. Questi requisiti verranno discussi nel contesto di una infrastruttura già esistente per lo sviluppo di risorse linguistiche a livello semantico.
Infine, dimostreremo che gli standard che si stanno affermando per il Semantic Web aprono altresì la strada per l’architettura e la progettazione delle risorse linguistiche della prossima generazione.},
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Scopo del Semantic Web è rendere Internet una grande base di conoscenza comprensibile per i computer.
Secondo questa visione, il contenuto della rete viene annotato tenendo presenti delle particolari ontologie, le quali forniscono la definizione del vocabolario di base e la semantica delle annotazioni.
In questo articolo sosteniamo che il rafforzamento delle sinergie tra la progettazione di ontologie e lo sviluppo di lessici computazionali è una condizione chiave affinché le comunità del Semantic Web e del trattamento automatico della lingua possano beneficiare appieno ciascuna dei risultati dell’altra. Nello specifico, affronteremo l’argomento illustrando i requisiti che i lessici computazionali devono avere per essere delle risorse effettivamente utili al conseguimento degli scopi del Semantic Web. Questi requisiti verranno discussi nel contesto di una infrastruttura già esistente per lo sviluppo di risorse linguistiche a livello semantico.
Infine, dimostreremo che gli standard che si stanno affermando per il Semantic Web aprono altresì la strada per l’architettura e la progettazione delle risorse linguistiche della prossima generazione.
Secondo questa visione, il contenuto della rete viene annotato tenendo presenti delle particolari ontologie, le quali forniscono la definizione del vocabolario di base e la semantica delle annotazioni.
In questo articolo sosteniamo che il rafforzamento delle sinergie tra la progettazione di ontologie e lo sviluppo di lessici computazionali è una condizione chiave affinché le comunità del Semantic Web e del trattamento automatico della lingua possano beneficiare appieno ciascuna dei risultati dell’altra. Nello specifico, affronteremo l’argomento illustrando i requisiti che i lessici computazionali devono avere per essere delle risorse effettivamente utili al conseguimento degli scopi del Semantic Web. Questi requisiti verranno discussi nel contesto di una infrastruttura già esistente per lo sviluppo di risorse linguistiche a livello semantico.
Infine, dimostreremo che gli standard che si stanno affermando per il Semantic Web aprono altresì la strada per l’architettura e la progettazione delle risorse linguistiche della prossima generazione.
Lenci, Alessandro
Quando il testo e il computer si incontrano: alcune riflessioni sulla linguistica computazionale oggi Journal Article
In: BOLLETTINO '900, vol. 2, 2003.
@article{ 11568_77730,
title = {Quando il testo e il computer si incontrano: alcune riflessioni sulla linguistica computazionale oggi},
author = {Alessandro Lenci},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
journal = {BOLLETTINO '900},
volume = {2},
abstract = {Nata come disciplina di frontiera, di fatto ai margini sia del mondo umanistico che delle applicazioni informatiche più tradizionali, la Linguistica computazionale in poco più di cinquant'anni è riuscita a conquistare una posizione di indiscussa centralità nel panorama scientifico internazionale. In Italia, alla storica culla pisana rappresentata dall'Istituto di Linguistica computazionale del CNR – fondato e diretto per lunghi anni dal compianto Antonio Zampolli – si sono affiancati numerosi centri e gruppi di ricerca attivi su tutto il territorio nazionale. Sul versante applicativo, le numerose iniziative imprenditoriali nel settore delle "tecnologie della lingua" testimoniano l'impatto crescente della disciplina (seppur con ritmi molto più lenti che nel resto dell'Europa) al di fuori dello specifico ambito accademico, prova del fatto che i tempi sono diventati maturi perché molti dei suoi risultati lascino i laboratori alla volta del mercato.},
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Nata come disciplina di frontiera, di fatto ai margini sia del mondo umanistico che delle applicazioni informatiche più tradizionali, la Linguistica computazionale in poco più di cinquant'anni è riuscita a conquistare una posizione di indiscussa centralità nel panorama scientifico internazionale. In Italia, alla storica culla pisana rappresentata dall'Istituto di Linguistica computazionale del CNR – fondato e diretto per lunghi anni dal compianto Antonio Zampolli – si sono affiancati numerosi centri e gruppi di ricerca attivi su tutto il territorio nazionale. Sul versante applicativo, le numerose iniziative imprenditoriali nel settore delle "tecnologie della lingua" testimoniano l'impatto crescente della disciplina (seppur con ritmi molto più lenti che nel resto dell'Europa) al di fuori dello specifico ambito accademico, prova del fatto che i tempi sono diventati maturi perché molti dei suoi risultati lascino i laboratori alla volta del mercato.
Lenci, Alessandro; Montemagni, S.; Pirrelli, V.
CHUNK-IT. An Italian Shallow Parser for Robust Syntactic Annotation Journal Article
In: LINGUISTICA COMPUTAZIONALE, vol. 16-17, pp. 353–386, 2003.
@article{ 11568_80031,
title = {CHUNK-IT. An Italian Shallow Parser for Robust Syntactic Annotation},
author = {Alessandro Lenci and S. Montemagni and V. Pirrelli},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
journal = {LINGUISTICA COMPUTAZIONALE},
volume = {16-17},
pages = {353–386},
abstract = {This paper reports on the experience of developing and applying a shallow parsing scheme, “chunking”, to unrestricted Italian texts, with a view to the prospective definition of further, more complex levels of syntactic analysis. A text is chunked into structured units which can be identified with certainty on the basis of an empty syntactic lexicon. The chunking process stops at that level of granularity beyond which the analysis gets undecidable. We argue that a chunked syntactic representation can usefully be exploited as such for non trivial NLP applications, which do not require full text understanding such as automatic lexical acquisition and information retrieval. The first part of the paper illustrates in detail the adopted annotation scheme, by relating it to some specific issues of Italian syntactic analysis. In the second part, after giving some theoretical justification of the notion of chunking, we describe some applications of this technique of shallow parsing to robust syntactic annotation of texts.},
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This paper reports on the experience of developing and applying a shallow parsing scheme, “chunking”, to unrestricted Italian texts, with a view to the prospective definition of further, more complex levels of syntactic analysis. A text is chunked into structured units which can be identified with certainty on the basis of an empty syntactic lexicon. The chunking process stops at that level of granularity beyond which the analysis gets undecidable. We argue that a chunked syntactic representation can usefully be exploited as such for non trivial NLP applications, which do not require full text understanding such as automatic lexical acquisition and information retrieval. The first part of the paper illustrates in detail the adopted annotation scheme, by relating it to some specific issues of Italian syntactic analysis. In the second part, after giving some theoretical justification of the notion of chunking, we describe some applications of this technique of shallow parsing to robust syntactic annotation of texts.
Montemagni, S.; Barsotti, F.; Battista, M.; Calzolari, N.; Corazzari, O.; Lenci, Alessandro; Zampolli, Antonio; Fanciulli, F.; Massetani, M.; Raffaelli, R.; Basili, R.; Pazienza, M. T.; Saracino, D.; Zanzotto, F.; Mana, N.; Pianesi, F.; MONTE, R. DEL
Building the Italian Syntactic-Semantic Treebank Book Chapter
In: Treebanks. Building and Using Parsed Corpora, pp. 189–210, Kluwer Academic Publishers, DORDRECHT/BOSTON/LONDON, 2003, ISBN: 9781402013355.
@inbook{ 11568_80171,
title = {Building the Italian Syntactic-Semantic Treebank},
author = {S. Montemagni and F. Barsotti and M. Battista and N. Calzolari and O. Corazzari and Alessandro Lenci and Antonio Zampolli and F. Fanciulli and M. Massetani and R. Raffaelli and R. Basili and M. T. Pazienza and D. Saracino and F. Zanzotto and N. Mana and F. Pianesi and R. DEL MONTE},
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year = {2003},
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abstract = {The paper reports on a multi-layered corpus of Italian, annotated at the syntactic and lexico-semantic levels, whose development is supported by a dedicated software augmented with an intelligent interface. The issue of evaluating this type of resource is also addressed.},
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The paper reports on a multi-layered corpus of Italian, annotated at the syntactic and lexico-semantic levels, whose development is supported by a dedicated software augmented with an intelligent interface. The issue of evaluating this type of resource is also addressed.
2002
Calzolari, N.; Zampolli, Antonio; Lenci, Alessandro
Towards a Standard for a Multilingual Lexical Entry: The EAGLES/ISLE Initiative Book Chapter
In: Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing: Third International Conference, pp. 264–268, Springer-Verlag, BERLIN HEIDELBERG, 2002, ISBN: 9783540432197.
@inbook{ 11568_71381,
title = {Towards a Standard for a Multilingual Lexical Entry: The EAGLES/ISLE Initiative},
author = {N. Calzolari and Antonio Zampolli and Alessandro Lenci},
isbn = {9783540432197},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
booktitle = {Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing: Third International Conference},
pages = {264–268},
publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
address = {BERLIN HEIDELBERG},
abstract = {ISLE, a transatlantic standard oriented initiative supported by EC and NSF under the Human Language Technology (HLT) programme, is a continuation of the long standing EAGLES initiative. The objective is to develop widely agreed and urgently demanded standards and guidelines for infrastructural language resources, tools, and HLT products. ISLE targets the areas of multilingual computational lexicons, natural interaction and multimodality, and evaluation. We describe the preliminary guidelines of a standard framework for multilingual computational lexicons, based on a general schema for the “Multilingual ISLE Lexical Entry” (MILE). The needs and features of existing Machine Translation systems provide the main reference points for the process of consensual definition of the MILE. We also provide a brief description of the EU SIMPLE semantic lexicons, built on the basis of previous EAGLES recommendations and now enlarged to real-size lexicons within national projects, thus creating a large infrastructural platform of harmonised lexicons in Europe. EAGLES previous results have already become de facto widely adopted standards, and EAGLES itself is a well-known trademark and point of reference for HLT projects and products},
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ISLE, a transatlantic standard oriented initiative supported by EC and NSF under the Human Language Technology (HLT) programme, is a continuation of the long standing EAGLES initiative. The objective is to develop widely agreed and urgently demanded standards and guidelines for infrastructural language resources, tools, and HLT products. ISLE targets the areas of multilingual computational lexicons, natural interaction and multimodality, and evaluation. We describe the preliminary guidelines of a standard framework for multilingual computational lexicons, based on a general schema for the “Multilingual ISLE Lexical Entry” (MILE). The needs and features of existing Machine Translation systems provide the main reference points for the process of consensual definition of the MILE. We also provide a brief description of the EU SIMPLE semantic lexicons, built on the basis of previous EAGLES recommendations and now enlarged to real-size lexicons within national projects, thus creating a large infrastructural platform of harmonised lexicons in Europe. EAGLES previous results have already become de facto widely adopted standards, and EAGLES itself is a well-known trademark and point of reference for HLT projects and products
TOMASO, V. DI; Lenci, Alessandro
Introduction Book Chapter
In: Exploring the Lexicon. Theory and Computation, pp. 1–5, Edizioni dell'Orso, ALESSANDRIA, 2002, ISBN: 9788876946042.
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abstract = {The debate on the nature and architecture of the lexicon plays a prominent role in current research in psycholinguistics, philosophy of language, natural language processing and cognitive science. Innovative models of lexical knowledge have emerged in theoretical and computational linguistics, with the major aim of providing new foundations to the representation of word content. Exploring the Lexicon presents a representative sampling of various approaches in lexical research addressing important syntactic and semantic issues at the theoretical and computational level.},
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The debate on the nature and architecture of the lexicon plays a prominent role in current research in psycholinguistics, philosophy of language, natural language processing and cognitive science. Innovative models of lexical knowledge have emerged in theoretical and computational linguistics, with the major aim of providing new foundations to the representation of word content. Exploring the Lexicon presents a representative sampling of various approaches in lexical research addressing important syntactic and semantic issues at the theoretical and computational level.
Bartolini, R.; Lenci, Alessandro; Montemagni, S.; Pirrelli, V.
Grammar and Lexicon in the Robust Parsing of Italian: Towards a Non-Naïve Interplay Conference
Workshop on Grammar Engineering and Evaluation, COLING 2002, 2002.
@conference{ 11568_73030,
title = {Grammar and Lexicon in the Robust Parsing of Italian: Towards a Non-Naïve Interplay},
author = {R. Bartolini and Alessandro Lenci and S. Montemagni and V. Pirrelli},
url = {http://aclweb.org/anthology-new/W/W02/W02-1501.pdf},
year = {2002},
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booktitle = {Workshop on Grammar Engineering and Evaluation, COLING 2002},
abstract = {In the paper we report a qualitative evaluation of the performance of a dependency analyser of Italian that runs in both a non-lexicalised and a lexicalised mode. Results
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In the paper we report a qualitative evaluation of the performance of a dependency analyser of Italian that runs in both a non-lexicalised and a lexicalised mode. Results
shed light on the contribution of types of lexical information to parsing.
shed light on the contribution of types of lexical information to parsing.
Lenci, Alessandro; Calzolari, N.; Zampolli, Antonio
From text to Content. Computational Lexicons and the Semantic Web Conference
AAAI Workshop. Semantic Web Meets Language Resources, 2002.
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title = {From text to Content. Computational Lexicons and the Semantic Web},
author = {Alessandro Lenci and N. Calzolari and Antonio Zampolli},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
booktitle = {AAAI Workshop. Semantic Web Meets Language Resources},
abstract = {The vision of the Semantic Web is to turn the World Wide Web
into a machine-understandable knowledge base. According to this view, Web content is annotated with respect to particular ontologies, which provide the definition of the basic vocabulary and semantics of the annotations. In this paper we
will argue that strengthening the synergies between ontology design and computational lexicon development is a key precondition for the Semantic Web and HLT communities to truly benefit of each other’s results.},
keywords = {},
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The vision of the Semantic Web is to turn the World Wide Web
into a machine-understandable knowledge base. According to this view, Web content is annotated with respect to particular ontologies, which provide the definition of the basic vocabulary and semantics of the annotations. In this paper we
will argue that strengthening the synergies between ontology design and computational lexicon development is a key precondition for the Semantic Web and HLT communities to truly benefit of each other’s results.
into a machine-understandable knowledge base. According to this view, Web content is annotated with respect to particular ontologies, which provide the definition of the basic vocabulary and semantics of the annotations. In this paper we
will argue that strengthening the synergies between ontology design and computational lexicon development is a key precondition for the Semantic Web and HLT communities to truly benefit of each other’s results.
TOMASO, V. DI; Lenci, Alessandro
Exploring the Lexicon. Theory and Computation Book
Edizioni dell'Orso, ALESSANDRIA, 2002, ISBN: 9788876946042.
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2001
Busa, F.; Calzolari, N.; Lenci, Alessandro
Generative Lexicon and the SIMPLE Model: Developing Semantic Resources for NLP Book Chapter
In: The Language of Word Meaning, pp. 333–349, Cambridge University Press, CAMBRIDGE, 2001, ISBN: 9780521780483.
@inbook{ 11568_172846,
title = {Generative Lexicon and the SIMPLE Model: Developing Semantic Resources for NLP},
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year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
booktitle = {The Language of Word Meaning},
pages = {333–349},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
address = {CAMBRIDGE},
abstract = {In this paper, we present recent extensions of Generative Lexicon theory (Pustejovsky, 1995; Pustejovsky, 1998) in the context of the development of large-scale lexical resources for twelve different European languages: the SIMPLE model.
The development of lexical resources must be guided by an underlying framework for structuring word meaning and generating concepts, which satisfies both onto logical considerations as well as the need to capture linguistic generalizations. The model presented here is a proposal toward this goal.},
keywords = {},
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In this paper, we present recent extensions of Generative Lexicon theory (Pustejovsky, 1995; Pustejovsky, 1998) in the context of the development of large-scale lexical resources for twelve different European languages: the SIMPLE model.
The development of lexical resources must be guided by an underlying framework for structuring word meaning and generating concepts, which satisfies both onto logical considerations as well as the need to capture linguistic generalizations. The model presented here is a proposal toward this goal.
The development of lexical resources must be guided by an underlying framework for structuring word meaning and generating concepts, which satisfies both onto logical considerations as well as the need to capture linguistic generalizations. The model presented here is a proposal toward this goal.
Lenci, Alessandro
Building an Ontology for the Lexicon: Semantic Types and Word Meaning Book Chapter
In: Ontology-Based Interpretation of Noun Phrases, pp. 103–120, Department of Business Communication, KOLDING, 2001, ISBN: 8790923081.
@inbook{ 11568_172981,
title = {Building an Ontology for the Lexicon: Semantic Types and Word Meaning},
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date = {2001-01-01},
booktitle = {Ontology-Based Interpretation of Noun Phrases},
pages = {103–120},
publisher = {Department of Business Communication},
address = {KOLDING},
abstract = {Ontologies represent a key ingredient in knowledge management and content-based systems, with tasks ranging from document search and categorization to information extraction and text mining. Designing an ontology actually means to determine the set of semantic categories which properly reflects the particular conceptual organization of the domain of information on which the system must operate, thus optimising the quantity and quality of the retrieved information. Besides, ontologies also represent an important bridge between knowledge representation and computational lexical semantics. Ontologies are widely used as formal devices to represent the lexical content of words, and appear to have a crucial role in different language engineering (LE) tasks, such as content-based tagging, word sense disambiguation, multilingual transfer, etc.
In what follows, I will discuss some issues that arise when ontologies are used to provide a general organizational scheme for the lexicon. This task, as we will see, imposes quite hard constraints to the ontology design, especially when the aim of formal representation of word meaning is the development of large-coverage lexical resources to be used in real LE applications. In the second part of the paper, the experience gathered in the European projects LE-SIMPLE will be illustrated, by focusing on a particular proposal for the development of a top-level ontology for general purpose lexicons.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
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Ontologies represent a key ingredient in knowledge management and content-based systems, with tasks ranging from document search and categorization to information extraction and text mining. Designing an ontology actually means to determine the set of semantic categories which properly reflects the particular conceptual organization of the domain of information on which the system must operate, thus optimising the quantity and quality of the retrieved information. Besides, ontologies also represent an important bridge between knowledge representation and computational lexical semantics. Ontologies are widely used as formal devices to represent the lexical content of words, and appear to have a crucial role in different language engineering (LE) tasks, such as content-based tagging, word sense disambiguation, multilingual transfer, etc.
In what follows, I will discuss some issues that arise when ontologies are used to provide a general organizational scheme for the lexicon. This task, as we will see, imposes quite hard constraints to the ontology design, especially when the aim of formal representation of word meaning is the development of large-coverage lexical resources to be used in real LE applications. In the second part of the paper, the experience gathered in the European projects LE-SIMPLE will be illustrated, by focusing on a particular proposal for the development of a top-level ontology for general purpose lexicons.
In what follows, I will discuss some issues that arise when ontologies are used to provide a general organizational scheme for the lexicon. This task, as we will see, imposes quite hard constraints to the ontology design, especially when the aim of formal representation of word meaning is the development of large-coverage lexical resources to be used in real LE applications. In the second part of the paper, the experience gathered in the European projects LE-SIMPLE will be illustrated, by focusing on a particular proposal for the development of a top-level ontology for general purpose lexicons.
Busa, F.; Calzolari, N.; Lenci, Alessandro; Pustejovsky, J.
Building a Semantic Lexicon: Structuring and Generating Concepts Book Chapter
In: Computing Meaning Vol. II, pp. 29–51, Kluwer Academic Publishers, DORDRECHT/BOSTON/LONDON, 2001, ISBN: 1402001754.
@inbook{ 11568_68666,
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booktitle = {Computing Meaning Vol. II},
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publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
address = {DORDRECHT/BOSTON/LONDON},
abstract = {One of the main challenges for computational lexical semantics is to bridge the gap between on the one hand theoretical research on the organization of the lexicon and on the formal representation of word meaning, and on the other hand the increasing request by natural language processing systems of accessing large repositories of lex- ical knowledge. Starting from some recent extensions of Generative Lexicon theory (Pustejovsky 1995, 1998) we present a general model for the development of a set of large-scale lexical resources developed in the context of the SIMPLE project.
We will argue that the principles of the Generative Lexicon provide a framework for structuring word meaning which allows for important synergies between research on conceptual structure and the design of formal architectures for the representation of lexical content. The model that we present, which is quite different from standard approaches to semantic classification, is largely motivated by the need to provide appropriate representations for lexical items that cannot be readily handled in existing frameworks.},
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One of the main challenges for computational lexical semantics is to bridge the gap between on the one hand theoretical research on the organization of the lexicon and on the formal representation of word meaning, and on the other hand the increasing request by natural language processing systems of accessing large repositories of lex- ical knowledge. Starting from some recent extensions of Generative Lexicon theory (Pustejovsky 1995, 1998) we present a general model for the development of a set of large-scale lexical resources developed in the context of the SIMPLE project.
We will argue that the principles of the Generative Lexicon provide a framework for structuring word meaning which allows for important synergies between research on conceptual structure and the design of formal architectures for the representation of lexical content. The model that we present, which is quite different from standard approaches to semantic classification, is largely motivated by the need to provide appropriate representations for lexical items that cannot be readily handled in existing frameworks.
We will argue that the principles of the Generative Lexicon provide a framework for structuring word meaning which allows for important synergies between research on conceptual structure and the design of formal architectures for the representation of lexical content. The model that we present, which is quite different from standard approaches to semantic classification, is largely motivated by the need to provide appropriate representations for lexical items that cannot be readily handled in existing frameworks.
Lenci, Alessandro
Alle soglie del giudizio. Lo spazio della predicazione e le sue forme Book Chapter
In: Materiali per un lessico della ragione, pp. 449–484, ETS, PISA, 2001, ISBN: 9788846705419.
@inbook{ 11568_175115,
title = {Alle soglie del giudizio. Lo spazio della predicazione e le sue forme},
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isbn = {9788846705419},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
booktitle = {Materiali per un lessico della ragione},
pages = {449–484},
publisher = {ETS},
address = {PISA},
abstract = {Quali sono le condizioni che permettono ad un’espressione linguistica di esprimere un giudizio, di avere un contenuto proposizionale? Sin da Aristotele è ben noto che non ogni elemento del linguaggio è in grado di portare un valore di verità, dal momento che il logos apophantikos si oppone a ciò che non possiede ancora il livello di strutturazione necessaria per esprimere il vero o il falso. Il problema non è soltanto quello della natura della proposizione, ma piuttosto della soglia minima di complessità del linguaggio in cui la proposizione può emergere. La domanda iniziale può dunque essere riformulata interrogandoci su quali siano le condizioni formali che il linguaggio deve soddisfare per accedere allo spazio logico.},
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Quali sono le condizioni che permettono ad un’espressione linguistica di esprimere un giudizio, di avere un contenuto proposizionale? Sin da Aristotele è ben noto che non ogni elemento del linguaggio è in grado di portare un valore di verità, dal momento che il logos apophantikos si oppone a ciò che non possiede ancora il livello di strutturazione necessaria per esprimere il vero o il falso. Il problema non è soltanto quello della natura della proposizione, ma piuttosto della soglia minima di complessità del linguaggio in cui la proposizione può emergere. La domanda iniziale può dunque essere riformulata interrogandoci su quali siano le condizioni formali che il linguaggio deve soddisfare per accedere allo spazio logico.
2000
Lenci, Alessandro; Bel, N.; Busa, F.; Calzolari, N.; Gola, E.; Monachini, M.; Ogonowsky, A.; Peters, I.; Peters, W.; Ruimy, N.; Villegas, M.; Zampolli, Antonio
SIMPLE: A General Framework for the Development of Multilingual Lexicons Journal Article
In: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEXICOGRAPHY, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 249–263, 2000.
@article{ 11568_169158,
title = {SIMPLE: A General Framework for the Development of Multilingual Lexicons},
author = {Alessandro Lenci and N. Bel and F. Busa and N. Calzolari and E. Gola and M. Monachini and A. Ogonowsky and I. Peters and W. Peters and N. Ruimy and M. Villegas and Antonio Zampolli},
year = {2000},
date = {2000-01-01},
journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEXICOGRAPHY},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {249–263},
abstract = {The project LE-SIMPLE is an innovative attempt at building harmonized syntacticsemantic lexicons for twelve European languages, intended for use in different Human Language Technology applications. SIMPLE provides a general design model for the encoding of a large amount of semantic information, ranging from ontological typing, to argument structure and terminology. SIMPLE thus provides a general framework for resource development, where state-of-the-art results in lexical semantics are coupled with the needs of Language Engineering applications accessing semantic information},
keywords = {},
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The project LE-SIMPLE is an innovative attempt at building harmonized syntacticsemantic lexicons for twelve European languages, intended for use in different Human Language Technology applications. SIMPLE provides a general design model for the encoding of a large amount of semantic information, ranging from ontological typing, to argument structure and terminology. SIMPLE thus provides a general framework for resource development, where state-of-the-art results in lexical semantics are coupled with the needs of Language Engineering applications accessing semantic information
Bertinetto, P. M.; Lenci, Alessandro
Aspects, Adverbs and Events: Habituality vs. Perfectivity Book Chapter
In: Speaking of Events, pp. 245–287, Oxford University Press, OXFORD, 2000, ISBN: 9780195128116.
@inbook{ 11568_169073,
title = {Aspects, Adverbs and Events: Habituality vs. Perfectivity},
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isbn = {9780195128116},
year = {2000},
date = {2000-01-01},
booktitle = {Speaking of Events},
pages = {245–287},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
address = {OXFORD},
abstract = {Aspect and quantification are clearly related and interacting phenomena: since it is possible to
give a quantificational interpretation of aspectual values, we can look at aspect as one of the
ways in which the quantificational force of sentences is established. Thus, it seems
straightforward to include aspect in the class of A-quantification. But then an interesting
question arises, namely how morphologically realized aspectual features are related to other
types of constructional quantification, like the adverbial one. This is our main concern in the
present paper, and we will face it by debating two facets of the general problem, i.e. (i) by
investigating the way in which explicit quantificational adverbs interact with aspectual values;
(ii) by examining whether one of these two features could (or should) be reduced to the other.
In the next section we will mainly deal with point (i). However, a survey of the data will
also bring evidence supporting a negative answer to the question concerning point (ii). Sections
3 and 4 are devoted to outline a formal analysis of aspectual oppositions, that will hopefully be
able to explain the distribution of data that we are going to illustrate},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
Aspect and quantification are clearly related and interacting phenomena: since it is possible to
give a quantificational interpretation of aspectual values, we can look at aspect as one of the
ways in which the quantificational force of sentences is established. Thus, it seems
straightforward to include aspect in the class of A-quantification. But then an interesting
question arises, namely how morphologically realized aspectual features are related to other
types of constructional quantification, like the adverbial one. This is our main concern in the
present paper, and we will face it by debating two facets of the general problem, i.e. (i) by
investigating the way in which explicit quantificational adverbs interact with aspectual values;
(ii) by examining whether one of these two features could (or should) be reduced to the other.
In the next section we will mainly deal with point (i). However, a survey of the data will
also bring evidence supporting a negative answer to the question concerning point (ii). Sections
3 and 4 are devoted to outline a formal analysis of aspectual oppositions, that will hopefully be
able to explain the distribution of data that we are going to illustrate
give a quantificational interpretation of aspectual values, we can look at aspect as one of the
ways in which the quantificational force of sentences is established. Thus, it seems
straightforward to include aspect in the class of A-quantification. But then an interesting
question arises, namely how morphologically realized aspectual features are related to other
types of constructional quantification, like the adverbial one. This is our main concern in the
present paper, and we will face it by debating two facets of the general problem, i.e. (i) by
investigating the way in which explicit quantificational adverbs interact with aspectual values;
(ii) by examining whether one of these two features could (or should) be reduced to the other.
In the next section we will mainly deal with point (i). However, a survey of the data will
also bring evidence supporting a negative answer to the question concerning point (ii). Sections
3 and 4 are devoted to outline a formal analysis of aspectual oppositions, that will hopefully be
able to explain the distribution of data that we are going to illustrate
1999
TOMASO, V. DI; Lenci, Alessandro
Semantica naturalizzabile e architettura della facoltà del linguaggio Book Chapter
In: Naturalismo e naturalizzazione, pp. 135–154, Edizioni Mercurio, VERCELLI, 1999, ISBN: 9788886960069.
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title = {Semantica naturalizzabile e architettura della facoltà del linguaggio},
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year = {1999},
date = {1999-01-01},
booktitle = {Naturalismo e naturalizzazione},
pages = {135–154},
publisher = {Edizioni Mercurio},
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keywords = {},
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1998
Lenci, Alessandro
The Structure of Predication Journal Article
In: SYNTHESE, vol. 114, no. 2, pp. 233–276, 1998.
@article{ 11568_51654,
title = {The Structure of Predication},
author = {Alessandro Lenci},
year = {1998},
date = {1998-01-01},
journal = {SYNTHESE},
volume = {114},
number = {2},
pages = {233–276},
abstract = {The paper discusses the structure of non-verbal predication, with particular reference to the role of the copula. Differently from the main tenets of contemporary logico-philosophical and linguistic theories, a model of predication is proposed where the verbal component (specifically, tense information) is regarded as central in establishing the syntactic and semantic relation between a predicate and its subject. It is thus possible to recover some of the insights of the pre-Fregean analysis of predication. The proposed solution has a number of significant consequences for the structure to be assigned to non-verbal predication, in particular for the semantics of ‘small clause’ constituents, where the predication is established without the copula.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
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The paper discusses the structure of non-verbal predication, with particular reference to the role of the copula. Differently from the main tenets of contemporary logico-philosophical and linguistic theories, a model of predication is proposed where the verbal component (specifically, tense information) is regarded as central in establishing the syntactic and semantic relation between a predicate and its subject. It is thus possible to recover some of the insights of the pre-Fregean analysis of predication. The proposed solution has a number of significant consequences for the structure to be assigned to non-verbal predication, in particular for the semantics of ‘small clause’ constituents, where the predication is established without the copula.
Lenci, Alessandro
Review of Sten Vikner: Verb Movement and Expletive Subjects in the Germanic Languages Journal Article
In: NORDIC JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 65–73, 1998.
@article{ 11568_50285,
title = {Review of Sten Vikner: Verb Movement and Expletive Subjects in the Germanic Languages},
author = {Alessandro Lenci},
year = {1998},
date = {1998-01-01},
journal = {NORDIC JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {65–73},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
1995
Lenci, Alessandro
The semantic representation of non-quantificational habituals Book Chapter
In: Temporal Reference Aspect and Actionality. Vol 1: Semantic and Syntactic Perspectives, pp. 143–158, Rosenberg & Sellier, TORINO, 1995, ISBN: 9788870116373.
@inbook{ 11568_22621,
title = {The semantic representation of non-quantificational habituals},
author = {Alessandro Lenci},
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year = {1995},
date = {1995-01-01},
booktitle = {Temporal Reference Aspect and Actionality. Vol 1: Semantic and Syntactic Perspectives},
pages = {143–158},
publisher = {Rosenberg & Sellier},
address = {TORINO},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
Lenci, Alessandro
A relevance-based approach to speech acts Book Chapter
In: Speech Acts and Linguistic Research, pp. 37–53, Nemo, padova, 1995.
@inbook{ 11568_25851,
title = {A relevance-based approach to speech acts},
author = {Alessandro Lenci},
year = {1995},
date = {1995-01-01},
booktitle = {Speech Acts and Linguistic Research},
pages = {37–53},
publisher = {Nemo},
address = {padova},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
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1992
Lenci, Alessandro
Linguaggio e comunicazione - Una teoria degli atti linguistici Book
ETS, PISA, 1992, ISBN: 9788877416513.
@book{ 11568_18663,
title = {Linguaggio e comunicazione - Una teoria degli atti linguistici},
author = {Alessandro Lenci},
isbn = {9788877416513},
year = {1992},
date = {1992-01-01},
publisher = {ETS},
address = {PISA},
abstract = {Il libro presenta un'analisi pragamtica e linguistico-computazionale della teoria degli atti linguistici, diretti e indiretti, all'interno di una più ampio modello dell'agire comunicativo.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
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Il libro presenta un'analisi pragamtica e linguistico-computazionale della teoria degli atti linguistici, diretti e indiretti, all'interno di una più ampio modello dell'agire comunicativo.